Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing

Fiction Talking with Amy Tan 1. Reading a Story The Art of FictionTypes of Short Fiction W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun *Bidpai, The tortoise and the geese Chuang Tzu, Independence Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death Plot The Short Story John Updike, A & P Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing John Updike, Why Write? Thinking About PlotChecklist: Writing About PlotWriting Assignment on Plot More Topics for Writing Terms for Review 2. Point of View Identifying Point of ViewTypes of NarratorsStream of Consciousness William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart *Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O. James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing James Baldwin, Race and the African American Writer Thinking About Point of View Checklist: Writing About Point of ViewWriting Assignment on Point of View More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 3. CharacterTypes of Characters Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill *Naguib Mahfouz, The Lawsuit Raymond Carver, Cathedral Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Raymond Carver, Commonplace but Precise Language Thinking About CharacterChecklist: Writing About CharacterWriting Assignment on CharacterMore Topics for WritingTerms for Review 4. Setting Elements of SettingHistorical FictionRegionalismNaturalism Kate Chopin, The Storm *Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Amy Tan, Setting the Voice Thinking About SettingChecklist: Writing About SettingWriting Assignment on SettingMore Topics for WritingTerms for Review 5. Tone and Style ToneStyle Diction Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place William Faulkner, Barn Burning Irony O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi Ha Jin, Saboteur Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Ernest Hemingway, The Direct Style Thinking About Tone and StyleChecklist: Writing About Tone and StyleWriting Assignment on Tone and StyleMore Topics for WritingTerms for Review 6. Theme Plot vs. ThemeTheme as Unifying DeviceFinding the Theme Chinua Achebe, Dead Men's Path Jamaica Kincaid, Girl Luke 15:11-32, The Parable of the Prodigal Son Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Harrison Bergeron Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., The Themes of Science Fiction Thinking About Theme Checklist: Writing about ThemeWriting Assignment on themeMore Topics for WritingTerms for Review 7. Symbol AllegorySymbolsRecognizing Symbols John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums *John Cheever, The Swimmer Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Shirley Jackson, Biography of a Story Thinking About SymbolsChecklist: Writing About SymbolsWriting Assignment on Symbols Student Paper, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums" More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 8. Critical Casebook: Flannery O'ConnorFlannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to FindFlannery O'Connor, RevelationFlannery O'Connor on Writing From "On Her Own Work" On Her Catholic Faith From "The Grotesque in Southern Fiction"Critics on Flannery O'Connor J.O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit Mary Jane Schenck, Deconstructing "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" *Louise S. Cowan, The Character of Mrs. Turpin in "Revelation" 9. Critical Casebook: Two Stories in Depth Nathaniel Hawthorne Young Goodman Brown *Nathaniel Hawthorne on Writing *Reflections on Truth and Clarity in Literature *Criticizing His Own Work*Critics on Hawthorne *Herman Melville , Excerpt from a review of "Mosses from and Old Manse" *Edgar Allan Poe, The Genius of Hawthorne's Short Stories*Critics on "Young Goodman Brown" *Richard H. Fogle, Ambiguity in "Young Goodman Brown" *Paul J. Hurley, Evil Wherever He Looks *Nancy Bunge, Complacency and Community Alice Walker Everyday UseAlice Walker on Writing The Black Woman Writer in America Reflections on Writing and Women's LivesCritics on "Everyday Use" Barbara T. Christian, "Everyday Use" and the Black Power Movement Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in "Everyday Use" Writing EffectivelyTopics for Writing on "Young Goodman Brown" Topics for Writing on "The Yellow Wallpaper" Topics for Writing on "Everyday Use" 10. Stories for Further Reading *Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, ArizonaMargaret Atwood, Happy Endings *Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to MarkKate Chopin, The Story of an Hour Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street *Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man With Enormous WingsCharlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow WallpaperZora Neale Hurston, Sweat James Joyce, Araby Franz Kafka, Before The Law Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner *Lorrie Moore, How to Become a WriterJoyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried Poetry Talking with Kay Ryan 11. Reading a Poem Poetry or Verse Reading a PoemParaphrase William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree Lyric Poetry Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers Narrative Poetry Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence Robert Frost, "Out, Out-" Dramatic Poetry Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Didactic PoetryWriting EffectivelyWriters on Writing Adrienne Rich, Recalling "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" Thinking About Paraphrase William Stafford, Ask Me William Stafford, A Paraphrase of "Ask Me" Checklist: Writing a ParaphraseWriting Assignment on Paraphrasing More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 12. Listening to a Voice Tone Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles *Kevin Young, Doo Wop Weldon Kees, For My Daughter The Person in the Poem Natasha Trethewey, White Lies Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal Ted Hughes, Hawk Roosting William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry *James Stephens, A Glass of Beer Anne Sexton, Her Kind William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow Irony Robert Creeley, Oh No W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig *Dorothy Parker, Comment Thomas Hardy, The Workbox For Review and Further Study William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper *Erich Fried, The Measures Taken William Stafford, At the Un-National Monument Along the Canadian Border Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Wilfred Owen, War Poetry Thinking About ToneChecklist: Writing about Tone Writing Assignment on Tone Student Paper, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke's "My Papa's Waltz" More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 13. Words Literal Meaning: What a Poem Says First William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say Diction Marianne Moore, Silence Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down! John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You The Value of a Dictionary Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath *Kay Ryan, Chemise J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead Carl Sandburg, Grass *Dan Anderson, Dog Haiku Word Choice and Word Order Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes *Robert Burns , Auld Lang Syne Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts For Review and Further Study E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town *Billy Collins, The Names *Charles Bukowski , Dostoevsky Anonymous, Carnation Milk Gina Valdes, English con Salsa Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty Explicates "Jabberwocky" Thinking About Diction Checklist: Writing About diction Writing Assignment on Word Choice More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 14. Saying and Suggesting Denotation and Connotation Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock William Blake, London Gwendolyn Brooks, Southeast Corner Timothy Steele, Epitaph E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i Robert Frost, Fire and Ice *Diane Thiel , The Minefield Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Richard Wilbur, Concerning "Love Calls Us to the Things of This World" Thinking About Denotation and Connotation Checklist: writing about What a Poem SAYS AND Suggests Writing Assignment on Denotation and Connotation More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 15. Imagery Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Taniguchi Buson, The Piercing Chill I FeelImagery T. S. Eliot, The Winter Evening Settles Down Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish *Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther *Charles Simic, Fork Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence Jean Toomer, Reapers Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty About Haiku Arakida Moritake, The falling flower Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell *Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats Kobayashi Issa, Only One Guy Kobayashi Issa, Cricket Ethridge Knight, Making Jazz Swing In Lee Gurga, Visitor's Room Penny Harter, Broken Bowl Jennifer Brutshy, Born AgainFor Review and Further Study John Keats, Bright star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art Walt Whitman, The Runner William Carlos Williams, El Hombre Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter *Paul Goodman , Birthday Cake Billy Collins, Embrace Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Ezra Pound, The Image Thinking About Imagery Checklist: Writing about Imagery Writing Assignment on Imagery Student Paper, FADED BEAUTY: Elizabeth Bishop's Use of Imagery in "The Fish" More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 16. Figures of Speech Why Speak Figuratively? Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? Metaphor and Simile Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand Sylvia Plath, Metaphors N. Scott Momaday, Simile *Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low - in my Regard *Jill Alexander Essbaum, The Heart *Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home Other Figures of Speech James Stephens, The Wind Margaret Atwood, You fit into me *George Herbert, The Pulley Dana Gioia, Money *Carl Sandburg, Fog For Review and Further Study Robert Frost, The Silken Tent Jane Kenyon, The Suitor Robert Frost, The Secret Sits *Kay Ryan, Turtle *Anne Stevenson, The Demolition *Robinson Jeffers, Hands Robert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red rose Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Robert Frost, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor Thinking About Metaphors Checklist: Writing About Metaphors Writing Assignment on Figures of Speech More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 17. Song Singing and Saying Ben Jonson, To Celia *James Weldon Johnson, Since You Went Away Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory Paul Simon, Richard Cory Ballads Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham Blues Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues Rap For Review and Further Study John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor Rigby *Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin' Aimee Mann, Deathly Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Paul McCartney, Creating "Eleanor Rigby" Thinking About Poetry and SongChecklist: Writing About Song Lyrics Writing Assignment on Song Lyrics More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 18. Sound Sound as Meaning Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus? John Updike, Recital William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal Aphra Behn, When maidens are young Alliteration and Assonance A. E. Housman, Eight O'Clock James Joyce, All day I hear Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Splendor Falls on Castle Walls Rime William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga *William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur *Robert Frost, Desert Places Reading and Hearing Poems Aloud Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane William Shakespeare, Full fathom five thy father lies T. S. Eliot, Virginia Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing T. S. Eliot, The Music of Poetry Thinking About a Poem's Sound Checklist: Writing About a Poem's Sound Writing Assignment on Sound More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 19. Rhythm Stresses and Pauses Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break Dorothy Parker, Resume Meter Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty William Carlos Williams, Smell! Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums! *Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Gwendolyn Brooks, Hearing "We Real Cool" Thinking About Rhythm Checklist: Scanning a PoemWriting Assignment on Rhythm More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 20. Closed Form Formal Patterns John Keats, This living hand, now warm and capable Robert Graves, Counting the Beats John Donne, Song ("Go and Catch a Falling Star") The Sonnet William Shakespeare, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night *William Meredith , The Illiterate Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You A. E. Stallings, Sine Qua Non R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet The Epigram Alexander Pope, Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Sir John Harrington, Of Treason *John Frederick Nims, Contemplation Anonymous, Epitaph of a Dentist *Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue *Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc's "Fatigue" Other Forms Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night Robert Bridges, Triolet Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing A. E. Stallings, On Form and Artifice Thinking About a Sonnet Checklist: Writing About a SonnetWriting Assignment on a Sonnet More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 21. Open Form Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway Free Verse E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill 's *William Carlos Williams, The Dance Stephen Crane, The Heart Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford Ezra Pound, Salutation Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird Prose Poetry *Carolyn Forche, The Colonel Visual Poetry George Herbert, Easter Wings John Hollander, Swan and Shadow For Review and Further Study E. E. Cummings, in Just- *A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Walt Whitman, The Poetry of the Future Thinking About Free Verse Checklist: Writing about free verse Writing Assignment on Open Form More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 22. Symbol The Meanings of a Symbol T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork Identifying Symbols Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones Allegory Matthew :-, The Parable of the Good Seed George Herbert, The World Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken Christina Rossetti, Uphill For Review and Further Study William Carlos Williams, The Term *Mary Oliver, Wild Geese Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover *Wallace Stevens, The Snow Man Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing William Butler Yeats, Poetic Symbols Thinking About Symbols Checklist: Writing About Symbols Writing Assignment on Symbolism More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 23. Myth and Narrative Origins of Myth Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us H. D., Helen *Constantine Cavafy, iThaca Archetype Louise Bogan, Medusa John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci Personal Myth William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming Myth and Popular Culture Andrea Hollander Budy, Snow White Anne Sexton, Cinderella Writing Effectively Writers on Writing Anne Sexton, Transforming Fairy Tales Thinking About MythChecklist: Writing About Myth Writing Assignment on Myth More Topics for WritingTerms for Review 24. Poetry and Personal Identity Confessional Poetry Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus Identity Poetics Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilingue Culture, Race, and Ethnicity Claude McKay, America Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceanera *Sherman Alexie, The Powwow at the End of the World Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It Gender *Bettie Sellers, In the Counselor's Waiting Room Donald Justice, Men at Forty Adrienne Rich, Women For Review and Further Study Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to Love America *Philip Larkin, Aubade Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Rhina Espaillat, Being a Bilingual Writer Thinking About Poetry of Personal Identity Checklist: Writing About Voice and Personal IdentityWriting Assignment on Personal Identity More Topics for Writing 25. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America Sor Juana, Presente en que el Carino Hace Regalo la Llaneza Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection Pablo Neruda, Muchos Somos Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many Jorge Luis Borges, Amorosa Anticipacion Translated by Robert Fitzgerald, Anticipation of Love Octavio Paz, Con los ojos cerrados Translated by Eliot Weinberger, With Eyes ClosedSurrealism in Latin American Poetry Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas Cesar Vallejo, La colera que quiebra al hombre en ninos Translated by Thomas Merton, Anger Writers on Translating Alastair Reid, Translating Neruda Writing Assignment on Spanish Poetry More Topics for Writing 26. Recognizing Excellence Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger - moaned for Drink Sentimentality Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark Recognizing Excellence William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias Elizabeth Bishop, One Art *W. H. Auden, September 1, 1939 *Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain! Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Edgar Allan Poe, A Long Poem Does Not Exist Thinking About an Evaluation Checklist: Writing an Evaluation Writing Assignment on Evaluating a Poem More Topics for Writing 27. What Is Poetry? *Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, J. V. Cunningham, Elizabeth Bishop, Jorge Luis Borges, Octavio Paz, William Stafford, Robert Bly, Jose Garcia Villa, Charles Simic, Christopher Fry, Joy Harjo, Some Definitions of Poetry - 28. Two Critical CasebooksEmily Dickinson and Langston Hughes Emily Dickinson Success is counted sweetest Wild Nights - Wild Nights! *There's a certain Slant of light I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain I'm Nobody! Who are you? The Soul selects her own Society After great pain, a formal feeling comes *Much Madness is divinest Sense *This is my letter to the World I heard a Fly buzz - when I died I started Early - Took my Dog Because I could not stop for Death Tell all the Truth but tell it slant Emily Dickinson on Emily Dickinson Recognizing Poetry Self-Description Critics on Emily Dickinson Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily Dickinson Thomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson's Manuscripts Richard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of "Because I could not stop for Death") Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers *My People Mother to Son Dream Variations I, Too The Weary Blues *Prayer Ballad of the Landlord Theme for English B *Subway Rush Hour Harlem [Dream Deferred] *HomecomingLangston Hughes on Langston Hughes The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain The Harlem Renaissance Critics on Langston Hughes Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an Experimentalist Rita Dove and Marilyn Nelson, Langston Hughes and Harlem Darryl Pinckney, Black Identity in Langston Hughes Onwuchekwa Jemie, A Reading of "Dream Deferred" Topics for Writing About Emily Dickinson Topics for Writing About Langston Hughes 29. Critical Casebook: T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" T. S. Eliot The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Publishing "Prufrock"T. S. Eliot on Writing Poetry and Emotion The Difficulty of Poetry Critics on "Prufrock" Denis Donoghue, One of the Irrefutable Poets Philip R. Headings, The Pronouns in the Poem: "One," "You," and "I" Maud Ellmann, Will There Be Time? Burton Raffel, "Indeterminacy" in Eliot's Poetry Topics for Writing 30. Poems for Further Reading *Aaron Abeyeta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla Anonymous, Lord Randall Anonymous , Last Words of the Prophet Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach John Ashbery, At North Farm Margaret Atwood, Siren Song W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts *Jimmy Baca, Spliced Wire Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station William Blake, The Tyger *William Blake, The Sick Rose *Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother *Gwendolyn Brooks, The Rites for Cousin Vit Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister *John Ciardi, Most Like an Arch This Marriage Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan Billy Collins, Care and Feeding *Hart Crane, My Grandmother's Love Letters E. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond Marisa de los Santos, Perfect Dress John Donne, Death be not proud John Donne, The Flea *John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning *Rita Dove, Daystar *T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi Robert Frost, Birches Robert Frost, Mending Wall Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California *Donald Hall, Names of Horses Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain * Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush Seamus Heaney, Digging *Anthony Hecht, The Vow George Herbert, Love Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time *Tony Hoagland, Beauty Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Robinson Jeffers, To the Stone-cutters Ben Jonson, On My First Son Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn *John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be *John Keats, To Autumn Ted Kooser, Abandoned Farmhouse Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad *Philip Larkin, Poetry of Departures D. H. Lawrence, Piano Denise Levertov, The Ache of Marriage *Li-Po, Translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by Moonlight *Shirley Geok-lin Lim, To Li Po Robert Lowell, Skunk Hour Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent Marianne Moore, Poetry Marilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful Woman Howard Nemerov, The War in the Air *Lorine Niedecker, Sorrow Moves in Wide Waves Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys' Party Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth Linda Pastan, Ethics Sylvia Plath, Daddy *Edgar Allan Poe, A Dream within a Dream Alexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang'rous Thing Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter Dudley Randall, A Different Image John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane Bettie Sellers, In the Counselor's Waiting Room William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes *William Shakespeare, Not marble nor the gilded monuments William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing likethe sun *Charles Simic , The Butcher Shop *William Stafford, The Farm on the Great Plains Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream *Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player Derek Walcott, The Virgins Walt Whitman, from Song of the Open Road Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing Richard Wilbur, The Writer William Carlos Williams, Spring and All *William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge James Wright, A Blessing Mary Sidney Wroth, In this strange labyrinth William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop *William Butler Yeats, The Magi William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old Drama Talking with David Ives 31. Reading a Play Theatrical ConventionsElements of a Play Susan Glaspell, Trifles Analyzing Trifles Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Susan Glaspell, Creating Trifles Thinking About a Play Checklist: Writing about a Play Writing Assignment on ConflictMore Topics for WritingTerms for Review 32. Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy Tragedy Christopher Marlowe, scene From Doctor Faustus (act 2, scene 1)Comedy *David Ives, Soap OperaWriting EffectivelyWriters on Writing David Ives, On the one-act play Thinking About Comedy Checklist: Writing about ComedyWriting Assignment on ComedyTopics for Writing on TragedyTopics for Writing on ComedyTerms for Review 33. Critical Casebook: Sophocles The Theater of Sophocles The Civic Role of Greek Drama Aristotle's Concept of Tragedy Sophocles The Origins of Oedipus the King Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald) Critics on Sophocles Aristotle, Defining Tragedy Sigmund Freud, The Destiny of Oedipus E. R. Dodds, On Misunderstanding Oedipus A. E. Haigh, The Irony of Sophocles David Wiles, The Chorus as Democrat Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Robert Fitzgerald, Translating Sophocles into English Thinking About Greek Tragedy Checklist: Writing About Greek Drama Writing Assignment on Sophocles More Topics for Writing Terms for Review 34. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare The Theater of Shakespeare William Shakespeare Plays A Note on Othello William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice Critics on Shakespeare Anthony Burgess, An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare W. H. Auden, Iago as a Triumphant Villain Maud Bodkin, Lucifer in Shakespeare's Othello Virginia Mason Vaughan, Black and White in Othello Clare Asquith, Shakespeare's Language as a Hidden Political Code Writing EffectivelyWriters on Writing Ben Jonson, On His Friend and Rival William Shakespeare *Understanding ShakespeareThinking About Shakespeare *Checklist: Writing About Shakespeare Writing Assignment on Tragedy Student Paper, Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera? More Topics for Writing 35. The Modern Theater RealismNaturalism Symbolism and ExpressionismAmerican ModernismTragicomedy and the AbsurdReturn to RealismExperimental Drama *Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, Revised by Viktoria Michelsen) Writers on Writing Henrik Ibsen, Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll's House Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Writers on Writing Tennessee Williams, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie Anna Deavere Smithn scenes from twilight: los angeles, 1992 Writers on Writing Anna Deavere Smith, A Call to the Community Writing EffectivelyThinking About Dramatic Realism Checklist: Writing About Realism Writing Assignment on Realism Student Essay, Helmer vs. Helmer More Topics for Writing Terms for Review 36. Plays for Further Reading Rita Dove, The Darker Face of the Earth Writers on Writing Rita Dove, The Inspiration for The Darker Face of the Earth David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice Writers on Writing David Henry Hwang, Multicultural Theater Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman Writers on Writing Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man August Wilson, Fences Writers on Writing August Wilson, A Look into Black America WRITING 37. Writing about LiteratureRead Actively Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can StayPlan Your EssayDiscover Your Ideas Sample Student Prewriting ExercisesDeveloping a Literary ArgumentChecklist Developing an ArgumentWriting a Rough Draft Sample Student Paper (Rough Draft)Checklist Revise Your DraftSome Final Advice on Rewriting Sample Student Paper (Revised Draft)Document Sources to Avoid PlagiarismThe Form of Your Finished Paper 38. Writing About a StoryRead ActivelyThink About the StoryDiscover Ideas Sample Student Prewriting ExercisesWrite a Rough DraftChecklist Writing a Rough DraftRevise Your DraftChecklist Revising Your DraftWhat's Your Purpose? Common Approaches to Writing about FictionTopics for Writing 39. Writing about a Poem Read Actively Robert Frost, DesignThink About the PoemDiscover Your Ideas Sample Student Prewriting ExercisesWrite a Rough DraftChecklist Writing a Rough DraftRevise Your Draft Checklist Revising Your DraftCommon Approaches to Writing about Poetry How to Quote a PoemTopics for Writing Robert Frost, In White 40. Writing about a PlayRead CriticallyCommon Approaches to Writing about DramaHow to Quote a PlayTopics for Writing 41. Writing a Research PaperBrowse the ResearchChoose a TopicBegin Your ResearchEvaluate SourcesOrganize Your ResearchRefine Your ThesisOrganize Your PaperWrite and Revise Maintain Academic IntegrityAcknowledge All SourcesDocumenting Sources Using MLA Style Reference Guide for Citation 42. Writing an Essay ExamPreparing for the Exam Taking the Exam 43. Critical Approaches to LiteratureFormalist Criticism Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critic *Robert Langbaum, On Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess"Biographical Criticism Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop's "One Art" Emily Toth, The Source for AlcEe' LaballiEre in "The Storm"Historical Criticism Hugh Kenner, Imagism *Joseph Moldenhauer, "To His Coy Mistress" and the Renaissance TraditionPsychological Criticism Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams Gretchen Schulz and R.J.R. Rockwood, Fairy Tale Motifs in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"Mythological Criticism Carl Jung, The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's "Barn Burning"Sociological Criticism Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form Alfred Kazin, Walt Whitman and Abraham LincolnGender Criticism Nina Pelikan Straus, Transformations in The Metamorhposis *Richard R. Bozorth, "Tell Me the Truth About Love"Reader-Response Criticism Stanley Fish, An Eskimo "A Rose for Emily" Robert R. Bozorth, "Tell Me the Truth About Love"Deconstructionist Criticism Roland Barthes, The Death of the Author Barbara Johnson, Rigorous UnreliabilityCultural Studies Vincent B. Leitch, Postconstructionalist Cultural Critique Camille Pagilla, A Reading of William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" Terms for Review