Between Race and Ethnicity : Cape Verdean American Immigrants, 1860-1965

      Cape Verdean Americans are the only major group of Americans to have         made the voyage from Africa to the United States voluntarily. Their homeland,         a drought-stricken archipelago off the west coast of Africa, had long         been colonized by the Portuguese. Arriving in New England first as crew         members of whaling vessels, these Afro-Portuguese immigrants later came         as permanent settlers in their own packet ships. They were employed in         the cranberry industry, on the docks, and as domestic workers.       Marilyn Halter combines oral history with analyses of ships' records         to create a detailed picture of the history and adaptation patterns of         the Cape Verdean Americans, who identified themselves in terms of ethnicity         but whose mixed African-European ancestry led their new society to view         them as a racial group. Halter emphasizes racial and ethnic identity formation         among Cape Verdeans, who adjusted to their new life by setting themselves         apart from the African American community while attempting to shrug off         white society's exclusionary tactics. Ethnographic analysis of rural life         on the bogs of Cape Cod is contrasted with the New Bedford, Massachusetts,         urban community to show how the immigrants established their own social         and religious groups and maintained their Crioulo customs.  … (more)