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James Tiptree, Jr. burst onto the science fiction scene in the 1970s with a series of hardedged, provocative short stories. Hailed as a brilliant masculine writer with a deep sympathy for his famale character, he penned such classics as Houston, Houston, Do You Read?and The Women Men Don't See. For years he corresponded with Philip K. Dick, Harlan Ellison,Ursula Le Guin. No one knew his true identity. Then the cover was blown on his alter ego: A sixty-one-year old woman named Alice Sheldon. As a child, she explored Africa with her mother. Later, made into a debutante, she eloped with one of the guests at the party. She was an artist, a chicken farmer, aWorld War II intelligence officer, a CIA agent, an experimental psychologist. Devoted to her second husband, she struggled with her feelings for women. In 1987, her suicide shocked friends and fans. The James Tiptree, Jr.Award was created to honor science fiction or fantasy that explores our understanding of gender. This fascinating biography, ten years in the making, is based on extensive research, exclusive interviews, and full access to Alice Sheldon's papers… (more)
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It is the story of Alice Sheldon, daughter of Mary Sheldon, a prominent writer and lecturer of the early 1900’s. Of course, you may still not know who Alice is. For various reasons (a lark, anonymity, some deeper
What makes this all so intriguing is James’ refusal to say who he was. (And this use of the male pronoun is on purpose. The author has this same problem – is it he or she – and recognizes that there is a dual enough personality to use both.) In fact, the final revelation of Alice as James almost brings to a close his writing career – James is never the same as an author. And the end is tragic – a suicide pact between Alice and her husband.
This story is not neat (whose life is); there is no pretty wrapping with a bow. And Phillips does an excellent job of digging into the information that might help shed some light on this troubled woman. Her life is a constant battle between facades, and this exploration shows how these battles lead to Alice as James. This is well researched, and includes quotes and documents that, as well as might be possible, provide an insight that Alice may not have had on herself. From the journeys as a child with her parents to Africa, to the girls’ school, to the WACs, to the CIA, to her writing, we begin to gain insight into an individual trying to determine who they are. We see a woman trying to lead a bohemian life (because some expected it), and a woman trying to be a mother and wife (because others expected it), and a woman trying to glean her own sexuality (because she cannot decide what she or others expect.)
But this book cannot have the answers. (How can any of us have the answers to any part of us?) Her life ends tragically as she shoots her husband, then herself as part of a suicide pact – neither wanting to grow too old. Yet, it is unclear how much a pact it was, and how much was in Alice’s mind. Again, the author delves in and lets us draw our own conclusions. Any good author has her own conclusions, and Phillips leads us certain directions, but the final picture is ours to draw.
Thus, Leigh Brackett (whose given name was vague enough for her to get away with it), Alice Marie Norton (who became André), Mary (M.J.) Engh, Carolyn Janice (C.J.) Cherryh … and Alice B. Sheldon, who turned the science fiction world on its ear as James Tiptree, Jr., in the late 1960s.
But Sheldon was not simply choosing a male pen name to slide under readers’ radar. She created a whole persona – a man who wrote tough, often violent, fiction, who “out-Hemingway’d Hemingway” in one critic’s words, and a voice that would allow her to express many of the deep conflicts arising out of a personality tormented by everything from some very deep mommy and daddy issues to intensely repressed sexual attraction to women.
Julie Phillips has created a tour de force with her detailed biography of Sheldon, drawing on letters, journal entries, interviews with family members, friends, and professional colleagues as she presents a portrait of a woman who could neither accept nor reject the limitations placed on well-bred young women of a certain social class in the mid-20th century. Always, always, Alli Sheldon was looking to escape – the duties of a daughter, the confines of marriage, the strictures of sexual identity, the appropriate behaviors and careers for women – yet was never able to make that final break. She fought herself, she took refuge in multiple heterosexual affairs, she frittered away her college years, she dabbled in art, she joined the military but was frustrated by the lack of true opportunity there. She smoked too much, loved too hard, abused too many prescription medications, always looking for her true voice. Her true escape. Her true self.
And somehow James Tiptree, Jr. – a name chosen, she said “as a lark, from a jam label in a grocery store” became not only the identify she affixed to her science fiction stories, but very much an alter-ego. Tiptree could say things no one would listen to, coming from a fiftyish Virginia housewife. He could establish, via a voluminous correspondence with other writers, editors, and publishers, an all-us-boys-together persona and flirt outrageously with his female correspondents. He could give his heroes randy thoughts about the women in his stories – women, who for some reason, seldom seemed interested in traditional (if secondary to the main plotline) romances.
Toward the end of Tiptree’s writing career, in the late 70s, Phillips shows us a creative mind struggling to free itself from its own construct, becoming more and more frantic to replace Tiptree with yet another persona as she begins to write from a frankly feminist viewpoint under the name Racoona Sheldon. At the same time, Alli is struggling with her aging mother’s failing health, her much-older husband’s decline, and the grim economic reality that even Hugo and Nebula award winning science fiction writers can seldom make much of a living at the craft.
The conclusion, already known to those who followed Tiptree’s career, casts a pall over the final portion of the book as it plays out to its inevitable end, making it heartbreaking for the reader who has followed this demanding and tortured woman through a life in which goals seem always just out of reach. Still, this is an important book, both as biography and as a study of the rise of the feminist movement of the late 20th century, and the fact that it came too late for many women.
Sheldon's life was a complex and fascinating one, from accompanying her famous explorer parents on their African expeditions as a small child, to the murder-suicide that finally ended her life. At various points, she was a painter, an army officer, a psychological researcher, and the co-runner of a chicken hatchery. Oh, and yes, she did in fact also work for the CIA.
This biography covers all of that, but its main focus is Sheldon's psychology, and on the matters that obsessed and troubled her and found reflection in her work. Including, most particularly, the question, as author Julie Phillips puts it, of "what is a woman and am I one." It's a question she never did seem to unravel, even with the assistance of a male alter ego. Which seems like no surprise at all to me, being as it is, a tangled, thorny complicated mess of social expectation, biology, sexuality, personal identity, and power dynamics. Hell, I can't unravel it, either, and I was born many decades later into a world where the expectations and the limits placed on women were already significantly changing.
Anyway. This is an interesting, thoughtful, and thought-provoking bio, and I do recommended it to those interested in Sheldon's life and work.
This book has stayed with me, bringing up a lot of thoughts on the masks we wear, and our ability to encourage or suppress our creative impulses. I see Tiptree's life as an object lesson in some ways. I wish I could reach out to her, tell her she's beautiful, urge her to stick around a little longer.
Soon after reading the article I came across for the first time the Tiptree Award, which is given to science fiction and fantasy works "that expand or explore our understanding of gender." This piqued my interest even further and so I picked up a copy of the book even though it was about a year and a half before I actually got around to reading it.
Alice Bradley Davey Sheldon, a native of Chicago, grew up traveling the world. Over the course of her life she played many different roles: loyal daughter, artist, army officer, CIA agent, devoted wife, academic. But most famous was her persona as a writer--James Tiptree, Jr. A secretive man who wrote brilliant science fiction and whose writing was so "masculine" that for nearly a decade very few even suspected that he was really a woman. Phillips biography is complete and detailed in telling the story of the life and death of this incredible and complex individual.
It is obvious that Phillips has done her research. She conducted interviews, read correspondence, pursued both primary and secondary sources, and familiarized herself with the work of Tiptree and Sheldon. Everything is documented and she often lets the materials speak for themselves, extensively quoting primary sources and incorporating interpretations of the fictional writings flawlessly into the text in a way to shed light on the reality of Sheldon's life. Also included is a detailed index, a bibliography, and an extraordinarily helpful guide to Tiptree's and Sheldon's publication history.
The book is actually much longer than it first appears; both the print and the margins are small. But while the length is noticeable, Phillips' writing is immensely readable. It is a biography, and obviously not a novel, but I was compelled to keep reading to see "what happens next." Two things in particular struck me as being especially well done (besides the fantastic research): One, the inclusion of years in the chapter titles helps tremendously in keeping the timeline straight; and, two, the use of names and pronouns when referring to the various aspects of Sheldon's identity help clarify and situate the context of the subjects being addressed.
I see a lot of myself in Alli Sheldon, so this book holds additional meaning for me. I have never read any of Tiptree's work before but am definitely more than interested to now. Unfortunately, most if not all of it is out of print with only sporadic resurgences. Luckily, I stumbled (quite accidentally) across a beautiful copy of Her Smoke Rose Up Forever (an illustrated "best of" collection that Sheldon helped to select) at a local used book store. While Sheldon's story will particularly interest those familiar with science fiction, anyone who enjoys reading biographies will appreciate this expertly executed one. Phillips has not only written a brilliant and well researched biography, but has also provided an intense examination of gender and feminism in science fiction, female writers, and, most importantly, personal identity.
Experiments in Reading
Phillips' analysis of Sheldon's background, her insecurities, her search for who she really was and wanted to be is very well done. But this isn't just a cut and dried biography. It's a look at a woman trying to find herself through many different persona: daughter of Chicago society parents, eloping at an early age and divorcing, then going into the Army Air Corps, then moving along to work in the CIA, marrying again, obtaining a PhD to do psychological research, and becoming an egg farmer, to name a few. Phillips' argument is that Sheldon knew none of these roles ever truly fitted her, and that by taking on the role of Tiptree, a male science fiction writer, she had finally found a way to give herself an outlet for the person she'd always wanted to be. But even then she still got very caught up in her own turmoil about identity as her Tiptree persona consistently grew in stature and landed him a bit of fame along with awards (Hugo, Nebula); Alice had to devote more of her own lessening energies into maintaining it while trying to keep Alice Bradley Sheldon a secret to her public and science fiction writer friends -- but then at the end of the day as Tiptree, she was still Alice Bradley Sheldon having to contend with herself.
Very well written; I had a lot of difficulty putting it down once I got started. When I can pick up a biography of someone with whom I'm not even vaguely familiar and not want to put it down, that's saying something about the author's writing. I would definitely recommend it to anyone who wants an intelligent read.
Alice Sheldon, however, chose to go whole hog. She saw the name Tiptree on a jar of jam and decided to write her science fiction stories under the name of James Tiptree Jr., keeping her true identity a secret from virtually everyone for a number of years. As biographer Julie Phillips tells in her book "James Tiptree, Jr.: The Double Life of Alice B. Sheldon," she flirted with Ursula K. Le Guin and other women by mail, while pretending to be one of the boys with Harlan Ellison, Philip K. Dick and other men in the science fiction community. She fooled them all.
Everyone knew Tiptree was a pseudonym, but interest in who the writer really was became all the greater because his stories were so original, like nothing science fiction fans had never read before. Because Tiptree had a post office box in McClean, Va., some speculated the writer might be a CIA agent. (Both Alli Sheldon and her husband had, in fact, once worked for the CIA.) Someone even thought James Tiptree Jr. might really be Henry Kissinger. A few thought the stories sounded a bit like the voice of a woman, but in other respects they were thoroughly manly.
The secret was revealed in the early 1970s when Tiptree let slip in letters that his mother had died, after previously disclosing she was a former African explorer living in Chicago. It was then a simple matter to check the obituaries in the Chicago papers, where it was found that author and world traveler Mary Hastings Bradley was survived by just one child, a daughter named Alice Sheldon.
Having lost the mask behind which she had written her startling stories, Sheldon's talent dried up, and she wrote only a few stories after that, most of them not very good.
Sheldon suffered from a manic-depressive personality, and she seemed to have conflicting identities within her throughout her life. Although happily married for a long time, she was sexually confused, never quite sure who or what she really was. She also also wrote science fiction as a woman under the name Racoona Sheldon, although these tales were not as well received as Tiptree's.
She had talked about suicide her entire life, and in 1987 she put a gun to her head after first killing her ailing husband.
The biography by Julie Phillips, published in 2006, is well worth reading whether or not one has ever read a James Tiptree Jr. short story.
This book, picked up because of a long ago comment from a friend who had made a random disparaging remark that he'd always known James Tiptree Jr. was a woman because of her writing (meaning women can't write good SF), had sat on my shelf a good long time, but after all this summer reading, I grabbed it, fell into it, and didn't see daylight until I'd finished it. The biography reads with novel-like intensity as we wind our way through Alice Sheldon's complicated, troubled, yet very familiar history until she gave birth to her own male self in the guise of James Tiptree Jr.
It could be the one biography I own that I'll read a second time. I recommend it to anyone with an interest in the history of science fiction, women writers, gender issues, or just a desire to read a good book.
Alice Sheldon in “James Tiptree, Jr. - The Double Life of Alice B. Sheldon” by Julie Phillips
Biographies have traditionally had a complex relationship with "truth." Hesketh Pearson's brilliantly readable mid-twentieth-century biographies favour "good stories" over the boring facts. Julie Phillips didn’t have to tackle one of the most difficult things in writing a biography: correct the distortions and myths in previous biographies. It was all a blank sheet. Phillips seems to favour the "bag of facts" approach to biography which has been gaining favour but this too has its problems – notably, that reading such a book tends to be a chore, not a pleasure. The challenge, I think, is to keep a balance between telling the story and being rigorously, “checkably” factual.
When it comes to autobiographies, you sit down with your blank sheet of A4 and start sucking your pencil (or your mouse), desperate for inspiration; isn't the mining of your own life likely to be more quickly and readily available at all hours of day and night and perhaps require less effort than having to pass what you have learned of the nature and life of other people through a process of synthesis and precis and imaginative marshalling? There may also be the thought that the hanging out of dirty linen (linen from best Irish flax?) on a public washing line may be helpful to one's own bruised psyche. Though full disclosure is very fashionable these days, of course, I'm not sure this is necessarily therapeutic. This also applies to biographies. Just as in so many films a scene airing much emotion is accompanied by a sly, tinkling, solo piano as the filmmakers slip into telling-you-what-to-feel mode. Perhaps we can make a distinction between a case where a writer dishes the dirt on him/herself, with little collateral damage caused, and a case where Big Bertha transmogrifies into a cluster bomb and the havoc spreads inexorably from the centre, like a pebble chucked into the Tralee Ship Canal outside Blennerville.
Tiptree/Sheldon was literally a Feminist-in-Disguise for generations. I'd agree she doesn't fit the current shrill, superficial version of feminism that is sometimes just online shaming (and not all that progressive often) but I'd wager she's going to have a lot more credibility as a feminist in 100 years’ time and all the twitter "feminists" will be forgotten along with the motherhood-on-a-pedestal Victorians, the racist anti-Union feminists of the early 1900s and the anti-sex pro-Reagan 1980s groups. Feminism is a very old and long tradition. I think he/she had been thinking about it lucidly for a lot longer than most all of us. Too bad his/her story ended the way it did. We may never know what it really happened and what made him/her do it.
Without delving much deeper into the book, I would say the aim of any writer is to publish something that sells. In the book blogosphere, I meet lots of people who think they can write, including two or three who think they can write so well, that they want to charge people to listen to their advice on what these people should be reading. They call themselves bibliotherapists. I can't tell you how desperate I am to tell them that they are living in cloud cuckoo land and that the country is full of bin men, shop assistants and dog walkers who are in every way equal, but haven't got their brass necks. I imagine a lot of writers who pick an unusual subject - like writing about a writer such as Tiptree - have had enough of emptying bins or walking dogs. That also goes for Biographers.
As one alien said to another after visiting earth, 'What do you think?' The other alien replied: 'Well the ones with the intelligence seem ok, but I'm not sure about the ones with the testicles.', and this coming from a Sapiens belonging to the latter; Tiptree belonged to the former.
NB: Must-read for those of you who love SF-of-a-different-Persuasion. Unmissable as well because of the letters between Tiptree/Sheldon and some other SF writers, namely Philip K. Dick, Joanna Russ, and Ursula K. Le Guin.
A coda:
“’And then about three o’clock in the morning Mrs. Sheldon called me back and told me that she had actually killed Mr. Sheldon. I remember she said, ‘Jim, I slain Ting by own hand and I’m about to take my own life, and for God’s sake don’t call the police, to give me time to do what I have to do here.’ And by this point there was nothing I could do. I did call the police, and they went over and found that both of them were dead.’”
John Morrison in ““James Tiptree, Jr. - The Double Life of Alice B. Sheldon” by Julie Phillips
Tiptree/Sheldon was true to herself to the end of her days. Big testicles. What a woman! My kind of SF.
SF = Speculative Fiction.
Without a doubt, this book will stand as the definitive biography of James Tiptoe, Jr./Alice Sheldon. It covers Alli/Tip's life in such detail, punctuated with journal entries and correspondence, that one could hardly wish more detail . . .
Except, to my mind, in one area. Alli makes
Anyway, Alice Sheldon was an interesting character who wrestled with identity issues all her life. Perhaps it could only have been someone so uncertain of her identity that could launch an alter ego for herself in the form of James Tiptree, Jr. While many an author adopts a non de plume, for Alli the adoption of the Tiptoe identity was so much more. It became something to hide behind, to entrust her creativity to, and to guard jealously, so that when the truth about the mysterious James Tiptree finally became known, it nearly undid her.
In most cases, I could have just done with a little less detail.
I'm