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Fiction. Literature. HTML: It is 1998, the year in which America is whipped into a frenzy of prurience by the impeachment of a president, and in a small New England town, an aging classics professor, Coleman Silk, is forced to retire when his colleagues decree that he is a racist. The charge is a lie, but the real truth about Silk would have astonished his most virulent accuser. Coleman Silk has a secret. But it's not the secret of his affair, at seventy-one, with Faunia Farley, a woman half his age with a savagely wrecked past - a part-time farmhand and a janitor at the college where, until recently, he was the powerful dean of faculty. And it's not the secret of Coleman's alleged racism, which provoked the college witch-hunt that cost him his job and, to his mind, killed his wife. Nor is it the secret of misogyny, despite the best efforts of his ambitious young colleague, Professor Delphine Roux, to expose him as a fiend. Coleman's secret has been kept for fifty years: from his wife, his four children, his colleagues, and his friends, including the writer Nathan Zuckerman, who sets out to understand how this eminent, upright man, esteemed as an educator for nearly all his life, had fabricated his identity and how that cannily controlled life came unraveled. Set in 1990s America, where conflicting moralities and ideological divisions are made manifest through public denunciation and rituals of purification, The Human Stain concludes Philip Roth's eloquent trilogy of postwar American lives that are as tragically determined by the nation's fate as by the "human stain" that so ineradicably marks human nature. This harrowing, deeply compassionate, and completely absorbing novel is a magnificent successor to his Vietnam-era novel, American Pastoral, and his McCarthy-era novel, I MARRIED A COMMUNIST..… (more)
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When I’ve read a book that I think is brilliant, that I did not want to end, that I enjoyed and was challenged by on many levels, I find it hardest to write the review. Doubly so when the author is new to me and a venerated literary figure. So bear with
I first tried to read a Phillip Roth book in my 20s. It was Sabbath’s Theater and I failed. I hung onto it though and tried again in my 30s. Another failure. The character of Sabbath was so violently misogynistic that it was painful to read. I have since given the book away and am sad that I can’t try again (without getting another copy) now that I understand Roth’s style a bit better. He doesn’t pull punches with language and I have to deal with that conscious choice and what it does to the story much better than I have so far. I can’t let the PC police interfere with deliberate craft. I need to realize there are valid reasons for choosing certain words. Coleman’s ridiculous downfall smacks me over the head with that truism.
Granted, reading a solitary book by a prolific author doesn’t make one an expert, but it has given me an appetite to read more. Partly it was the way the story and back story was revealed. Not so much a narrative, but a novel of tangents. At first it was disconcerting to be forcefully dragged down a rabbit hole that seemingly had nothing to do with what I’d been reading just before. He establishes character so well that when he gives you contradictory or surprising information, it literally stuns you. Makes you feel at once triumphant for the revelation and embarrassed at having been duped. The technique only serves to reinforce what I think is the main theme of the book; that you can never truly know anyone.
More than once our narrator, Nathan Zuckerman, asserts that the trap of thinking that you know a person is one we fall into all too often. Obviously the main character, Coleman Silk is its victim and it is delicious to know (ah, there’s that word again) just how wrong the pompous Delphine Roux is about him; that he must be a deviant, a misogynist, a racist and intellectual fraud. The character most completely assumed about, though, is Faunia. From all sides she is boxed and categorized according to what people think they know about her and I found her tangents to be really interesting and sort of liberating in my own assuming things about people. The most challenging and difficult tangent to read is the first one about Lester. So violent and extreme that I feared the knowledge that certainly some men must have come back from Vietnam in the exact same condition. All during the scene on the frozen lake with Nathan I dreaded what might happen. Would Lester snap? Did I think it was inevitable? Did I know?
Human sexuality is the aspect Roth uses most to illustrate this theme. Not only with the backdrop of the Clinton/Lewinsky scandal, but the center stage affair between Coleman and Faunia. The opening sentence of the whole book introduces the affair. Instantly we categorize Faunia as a sex-object and it is doubly, triply reinforced by Lester’s outrage that while his kids were trapped in the burning house, his wife, their mother was busy going down on some guy. Later still, the rabid gossip and presumed reason for the car accident that would kill them, was Faunia’s salacious, corrupt need to perform oral sex on a man. Any man it was implied almost as much as Coleman’s contradictory forcing her to do it. She can’t possibly be in control here, this can’t possibly be her will, she must be a victim of her own deranged lust and Coleman’s dominant personality. Why humans are so judgmental and hypocritical about sex is baffling to Roth and outrages him as demonstrated by the idea of draping a banner over the White House that reads ‘A Human Being Lives Here’.
Another theme I latched onto is the capricious nature of humans and the narrow confines of what an individual considers normal and reasonable. We do weird stuff for weird and unfathomable reasons and other people seem to think this is weird. To an outsider those reasons can seem insignificant, flimsy and immaterial causing us to judge that person severely. I agree with Zuckerman (Roth) that we as a society aren’t very good at stopping to think outside our own prejudices before we go for the pitchforks and torches. Coleman’s sister talks to Nathan about this at the end explaining that today it would be tantamount to criminal for a black person to try to pass as Colman decided to then. Her and her family’s assumption about why he did was off the mark. In reality he didn’t hate his race and didn’t want to insult anyone in it, he just wanted to shed it. To make it unimportant. A non-issue. For the vast majority of white people, race is not something that takes up room in the consciousness; it just is. For the vast majority of black people it is the opposite. I think Coleman wanted to haul it out to the curb to make room for something more worthy of his consciousness. This is not the conclusion we jump to though, when we first learn of Coleman’s deception. We think his reasons cannot be innocent or even otherwise.
The same holds true for Faunia I think, though to me, her trade is even less understandable. To pretend illiteracy is just unfathomable for me. I cannot conceive of going through life ignoring words. To close myself off to that route to my imagination (to freedom, to knowledge, to fantasy, to learning!) is alien. Reading and literacy to me are so totally a human reflex that it’s shocking and fantastic (in that meaning of the word) to see Faunia suppress it. The assumptions, judgments and even more, the pity she received as a result would be unbearable to me. How she reacts to Coleman’s seminars with her is revealing. She is not stupid, she is not uneducated, and she is not unperceptive. She just understands, perceives and values things that the rest of the world deems worthless. I don’t get it, but it is fascinating in an other-worldly sort of way. The deliberate setting of the trap though, I do understand. Did she savor and gloat over the secret knowledge of her diary in the night when she wrote in it? Did she laugh at Coleman and the other scholastic luminaries she served? She’s the most intriguing character of all of them. Her earthiness and directness is unusual in a female protagonist and surprising. Did she reach Coleman in the end? Did she free him? I don’t know, and maybe that’s the whole point.
In particular, I loved Roth's beautiful characterisation of Delphine Roux, a hideous woman who I found myself wanting to read more and more about. To me, this illustrates the skill of a great writer, able to keep you turning the pages despite describing a personality so revolting. Still, though, you can't help but feel for this character in turmoil. The passages that concerned Vietnam veteran Lester Farley also left me amazed, brilliantly bringing the horrific ramifications of war to reality.
I also have to commend Roth's ability to create conflictions within the reader. Many times I found my self cringing at the words, and yet nodding my head simultaneously, hating what was happening and yet understanding why it was necessary.
While on the surface, Roth raises questions about identity, humanity and relationships, there are so many ideas jammed into this novel, every passage bursting with insights.
Once I settled with the fact that this book was not going to go where I wanted, I sat back and relaxed as Philip Roth took me on a marvelous ride.
Since the author isn't shy with his own spoilers, I won't be either. Coleman clothes himself in an ulterior identity as a means of transcending societal limitations on his race. Thereafter he has a curiously adverse response to any minority group's movement to overthrow those limitations. It isn't merely disbelief in the movements' effectiveness. He finds them puerile, a childish tantrum against the laws of reality.
Coleman has progressed so far in his chosen direction that it becomes impossible for him to relate to what was, even when self-interest is at stake. Like a domesticated crow that can no longer return to the wild, his nature and identity have diverged too far to be reconciled. This theme applies as well to the other three central characters: a woman suffering from past traumas, a Vietnam veteran suffering from PTSD, and a professor caught between the country she left and one that won't accept her. All of them reject the notion of turning back, whatever their difficulties, because the identity they've embraced (or want to embrace) is more real.
I've not read Roth before, and I came to him anticipating less empathy for perspectives outside of his own background; a false impression I acquired somewhere. Only once did I wince - badly. Coleman muses about the possibility of his lover being better in bed as "a gift of the molestation" she suffered as a child. Try to read that as the character's thoughts alone.
The other problem here has to do with politics, and not necessarily Roth's, though the author has, on occasion, expressed his dissatisfaction with the direction that the post-sixties left has taken. In the same way that the Clinton/Lewinsky affair often seemed too ridiculous and flimsy for the great themes that the journalists at the time tried to hang on it, I wonder if there might not be enough to the story of Coleman Silk and Faunia Farley to make a three-hundred page closely printed novel out of. There were times when I felt that both the book's plot, which is pretty improbable in some places, and its characters, strained under the themes that Roth had loaded on to them. I think it's even possible to argue that the author, who's not shy about pointing out his own plot's farcical elements, might even be aware of this. Of course, Roth can still reel off note-perfect paragraph long sentences, and, as the book comes to a close, he's got some lovely things to say about the dangers and burdens of keeping secrets, even if I found the appeal to the First Amendment fatuous, seeing that the problems that Coleman deals with here are largely cultural, not legal. But it's possible that Roth, like Toni Morrison and more than a few other good writers, just writes best when he writes about the past. Perhaps memory, his own and that of his characters, is his real strong suit. Recommended, I suppose, but, sadly, with certain reservations.
My only gripe is that there were times when I didn't trust the narrator, Nathan Zuckerman. At one point he practically admits to making up part of the story, or rather, guessing certain thoughts and feelings of a few of the characters. I spent a lot of time backtracking and thinking over the pages I had already read, wondering if it was plausible for Zuckerman to know this or that, or if he was just guessing at the characters' emotions. I know now that Zuckerman is a recurring narrator in Roth’s novels and that he often plays a more active role than that of narrator, but that lack of confidence still made me uncomfortable.
Even with the one complaint factored in, I think this is too complicated and complex of a book to judge so quickly. One feels the urge to speed through it because of the plot, but it really should be savored and mulled over. It's a book that would be satisfying to read in a literature class, with all the symbolism and imagery Roth tucks away into his prose. Bottom line: I think it's a complex, well-written book, in which Roth deftly unravels his characters’ brains to reveal their thoughts, motivations and desires in a realistic, compelling manner. It is a book that not only tells a captivating story, but gives us a piece of modern history and culture as well.
It is
Set against the 1998 Lewinsky scandal, it is a book about perception and deception. Nobody is who you think they are. This is a book about the depth of human existence. There are so many sides to us that we cannot be summarized in or described by one or two characteristics. Given the many acquaintances we make during our lives, the many turns we take along the way, we only reveal fragments of ourselves to the people around us. Nobody can say that they know us to our full extend. What essentially makes us human is our capacity to be so many things at the same time. So that maybe even we ourselves cannot always be sure of who we really are.
Coleman Silk has had a stellar career as a classics professor and dean of faculty at a small New England college. He was, we're told, "one of a handful of Jews on the…faculty when he was hired and perhaps among the first Jews to be permitted to teach in a classics
As Philip Roth's novel begins, Coleman Silk has stepped down as dean to return to the classroom. About five weeks into the semester, he notes that two students have never appeared, never attended a single session. He doesn't know who they are; he's never laid eyes on them. He asks those in the room: "Does anyone know these people? Do they exist or are they spooks?" So of course these people exist and they are…blacks. Called into the dean's office--his old office—and told a complaint charging racism has been lodged, Silk is stunned, then enraged. He tells the dean:
"I was referring to their possibly ectoplasmic character. Isn't that obvious? These two students had not attended a single class. That's all I knew about them. I was using the word in its customary and primary meaning: 'spook' as a specter or a ghost. I had no idea what color these two students might be. I had known perhaps fifty years ago but had wholly forgotten that 'spooks' is an invidious term sometimes applied to blacks. Otherwise, since I am totally meticulous regarding student sensibilities, I would never have used that word. Consider the context: Do they exist or are they spooks? The charge of racism is spurious. It is preposterous. My colleagues know it is preposterous and my students know it is preposterous. The issue, the only issue, is the nonattendance of these two students and their flagrant and inexcusable neglect of work. What's galling is that the charge is not just false—it is spectacularly false."
It doesn't end there though. The dean sets up a formal hearing. Faculty members begin tiptoing around, most aligning themselves against their demanding, autocratic former dean. Silk abruptly resigns. Iris—Mrs. Silk—abruptly has a stroke and dies. He seeks out a writer, Nathan Zuckerman, that he knows lives in the area.
Coleman was at the side of my house, {Zuckerman says,} banging on the door and asking to be let in. Though he had something urgent to ask, he couldn't stay seated for more than thirty seconds to clarify what it was...I had to write something for him—he all but ordered me to…I had to write about this "absurdity," that "absurdity"—I, who then knew nothing about his woes at the college and could not even begin to follow the chronology of the horror that, for five months now, had engulfed him and the late Iris Silk: the punishing immersion in meetings, hearings, and interviews, the documents and letters submitted to college officials, to faculty committees, to a pro bono black lawyer representing the two students . . . the charges, denials, and countercharges, the obtuseness, ignorance, and cynicism, the gross and deliberate misinterpretations, the laborious, repetitious explanations, the prosecutorial questions—and always, perpetually, the pervasive sense of unreality. "Her murder!" Coleman cried, leaning across my desk and hammering on it with his fist. "These people murdered Iris!"
Zuckerman turns him down, but the two men stay in touch. And Silk begins writing the book himself, planning to title it Spooks. Ultimately, Zuckerman does write Coleman's book, and it is the one we are reading.
A couple of years pass, during which Silk takes up with Faunia Farley, a woman half his age who's a janitor at the college and, on weekends, at the post office, who lives at a farm in exchange for milking cows, who claims to be a victim of childhood molestation by her stepfather, who purports to be illiterate, who was married to a PTSD-afflicted Vietnam vet who stalks her because he believes her responsible for the deaths of their two children in a housefire. Yoiks! One night, this former husband, Les Farley, barges into Silk's house to threaten both him and Faunia. So Coleman turns to Atty. Nelson Primus for advice, which advice (and more particularly the way in which it is delivered) so enrages him that he tells the lawyer, "I never again want to hear that self-admiring voice of yours or see your smug fucking lily-white face."
Primus is mystified. "Why 'lily-white'?" he wonders.
Cut—three pages later—to 1943 in East Orange, NJ. Ernestine Silk is recounting for her brother Coleman an overheard conversation between their parents and Dr. Fensterman, a Jew and a prominent surgeon. He offers the Silks $5,000 if his son Bertram is helped to become valedictorian of the East Orange High School Class of 1944. The help needed? Coleman, who is first in the class, must boot a course to allow Bertram, now second in the class, to slip past him into first. Bert needs to be the best of the best to beat the tight quotas designed to keep Jews out of the top medical schools. The irony? The Silks are Negroes, victims of even greater discrimination in all things than Jews.
And so, on page 86, we're told what Coleman's secret is; but that's far from the totality of it. As the story unfolds, we learn how Coleman learns just how easy it is for him to pass for white, thanks to a tryout his boxing coach, a Jewish dentist in East Orange known as Doc Chizner, arranges with the Pitt boxing coach.
Doc was sure that, what with Coleman's grades, the coach could get him a four-year scholarship to Pitt, a bigger scholarship than he could ever get for track, and all he'd have to do was box for the Pitt team.
Now, it wasn't that on the way up Doc told him to tell the Pitt coach that he was white. He just told Coleman not to mention that he was colored.
"If nothing comes up," Doc said, "you don't bring it up. You're neither one thing or the other. You're Silky Silk. That's enough. That's the deal." Doc's favorite expression: that's the deal. Some¬thing else Coleman's father would not allow him to repeat in the house.
"He won't know?" Coleman asked.
"How? How will he know? How the hell is he going to know? Here is the top kid from East Orange High, and he is with Doc Chizner. You know what he's going to think, if he thinks anything?"
"What?"
"You look like you look, you're with me, and so he's going to think that you're one of Doc's boys. He's going to think that you're Jewish."
Coleman Silk passes for white. He does it with Iris, with his children, with his academic colleagues, with everybody. To do it, he makes calculated choices. Iris suits him because of her hair, "that sinuous thicket of hair that was far more Negroid" than his own. He totally abandons his birth family, depriving his mother of her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren. He never tells his daughter, who just may have to explain to a future white husband how it is their newborn child is black.
[The Human Stain] is full of wrinkles, all sorts that you might not imagine as you contemplate the ins and outs of a Negro passing for white. Once you make the choice, and the ancillary hard choices that follow—lying to your spouse throughout a close and intimate marriage, cutting yourself from your parents and siblings (and them from you), contriving and maintaining a false family history—you can't go back.
Philip Roth is a favorite author. [The Human Stain] is one of his best books, in my opinion. I give it two thumbs up.
Few writers delve into the
Stain is the first “Zuckerman” novel I have read, but by no means will it be the last. Nathan Zuckerman, the narrator, is a writer, and as revealed in the closing pages, we have read as he writes. We make discoveries along with him.
Some of the passages are long, and this novel requires a great deal of concentration as he meanders among the characters and situations. Many of these ring true on many levels. For example, I know a Delphine Roux. I have seen students complain to administration over harmless, off-hand remarks made in class. I have seen the petty jealousies and political maneuvering in the perpetual turf wars of academia.
Realism is the hallmark of Roth’s novels, and The Human Stain clearly ranks as one of his masterpieces. I see a large shelf, with all his books, in my future. Caution: Raw language throughout with graphic depictions of some sexual situations. Five stars.
--Jim, 4/29/09
Throughout most of this novel I was convinced that it's a true story, despite knowing full well that it isn't; written from the POV of an objective observer, "The Human Stain" reads like investigative reporting despite being a work of
The "reporter" POV is beneficial because it allows Roth to fairly present all sides of the story; Zuckerman, the narrator, is not directly involved in any of the unfolding dramas, his objectivity serving to shed light on the other characters' impassioned actions.
True to the standards of balanced reporting in journalism, Roth is b determined to present all aspects of a story, which is where "The Human Stain" becomes fascinating. As in life there are no true heroes or villains in this book, rather a cast of characters who have each committed both heroic and villainous acts. The disgraced professor, his uneducated mistress, her vengeful war veteran ex-husband, and the scheming female academician are all handled delicately by Roth, keeping his characters from becoming cliches. Instead, he shows us both sides of each coin.
Roth's use of journalistic techniques initially distanced me from his fiction - I couldn't quite "get into" the characters' lives because they were so objectively introduced; however, my ambivalent impression dissipated by the middle of the book, and by the end I wished it were longer. There is so much food for thought, so many layers of truth to peel away (not to mention the evocative, brilliant writing) that I will definitely be revisiting "The Human Stain."
Coleman Silk has a secret, one which has been kept for fifty years from his wife, his four children, his colleagues, and his friends, including the writer Nathan Zuckerman. It is Zuckerman who stumbles upon Silk's secret and sets out to reconstruct the unknown biography of this eminent, upright man, esteemed as an educator for nearly all his life, and to understand how this ingeniously contrived life came unraveled. And to understand also how Silk's astonishing private history is, in the words of The Wall Street Journal, "magnificently" interwoven with "the larger public history of modern America."
This book is a tribute to Zuckerman's neighbour in upstate New York Coleman Silk; former dean of a college which he has almost single-handed brought to fame, but which has let him down after his allegedly racial abuse against two afro-american students. This provides a starting point for a really startling story about.. yes about what? I think about human identity and the ways we try to carve out a position for ourselves in the world, of making a success of ourselves. Central sentence for me: "The truth about us is endless..". The tragedy of Coleman Silk is that the way he has chosen to fulfil his life requires total obliteration of his former self and identity. Although the atmosphere is dark and sad, the compassion, almost love, which Zuckerman shows when telling the story was very moving.
I liked it very much, it's about a college professor who resigns over allegations that he made a racially insensitive remark in the classroom, and then it turns out that he has this other secret that that he's keeping a lid on. Lots of Roth exposition.
Grade: A
Recommended: To people who maybe haven't read Philip Roth before, and are looking to start. I think this would be a good one. I've decided to personally back him for the next American to win a Nobel in literature.